![]() We carry items to stock your castle for siege or tournament! Decorate your hall, home, office or even your castle dungeon with our Shield and Sword displays, Medieval Weapons, Full suits of Armour, Chains & Chastity Belts or, if you prefer choose from our many Oriental swords and Weapons! From the battle field to the joust to living history. We can outfit Roman legions, Celtic, Saxons, Normans, Vikings, Knights, Squires, "Live steel" Re-enactors, Stage actors as well as Living History and LARP Groups. ![]() Whether your interest lies in swords, sabers, armor, medieval weapons, medieval clothing, the SCA, LARP, fantasy, Vikings, the Crusades, Hundred years war, Wars of the Roses or even the US Civil war, you will be able to find just the right piece! Medieval and Renaissance items for your fun and enjoyment as well as re-enactment's and historical needs. Many of her creations were hired for TV shows, theaters, corporate parties.Quality products, superior knowledge and expertise.Īs one of the oldest online merchants of Medieval and Renaissance Merchandise, including Swords, Medieval and Renaissance Clothing, Leather and Functional Steel Armour and LARP Gear Medieval and Renaissance Store has supplied Collectors, Reenactors and LARP (Live Action Role Playing) groups with high quality Battle Ready Swords, Chainmail, Helms, Shields Medieval Jewelry and Roman Gear. La Mascarade became the best reference in Switzerland to dress up happy clients going to the most exclusive parties in Europe. She created different costumes one by one, which quickly grew into a large stock and fast growing business. She was a true visionary woman, creating a new concept, that was eco-friendly for the time back in the 80s rent high quality costumes vs. Medieval Costume: Knight Costume, Renaissance Costumes, Kings and Queen Costumes. Rosemarie Monla started creating costumes from her living room, “one by one” … today La Mascarade has become the # 1 Rental Costume company in Switzerland with more than 20,000 costumes handmade and high quality. She developed different new departments since she runs the company: Vintage & Second hand clothes for sale, Costume Mobile to parties, Events decor. ![]() Since 2011, Tania Monla, the CEO of La Mascarade, took over the family business when her mother Rosemarie Monla retired. There is also a vintage & second hand departement, for women and men. Today La Mascarade is the largest rental costume company in Switzerland, that serves private and corporate parties, locally and internationally for their events, parties, weddings, corporate functions, TV Shows, photoshoots, videos and more. La Mascarade was founded by Rosemarie Monla in Geneva, Switzerland in 1985. She is a Swiss stylist and modelist who had an incredible talent. The standard of our costumes far exceeds the usual fancy dress costume range, in quality and breadth of choice. In our Atelier, our costume designers create new costumes and renovate our existing stock of vintage costumes. ![]() Medieval Maid Marian Robin Hood Wife Renaissance Gown Costume. All our costumes are handmade in our atelier in Geneva, with respect with the environment. Deluxe Black Renaissance Suit Costume -M -3XL. La Mascarade is the largest company in Switzerland of high quality rental costumes, with more than 20,000 costumes available for rent.
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Shashikant Mandalgiri, National Manager - Marketing & Sales (Email: 2: Mr. ![]() If the eligible borrower/customer is not satisfied with the resolution provided or the query/complaint/grievance is not disposed of within 14 days, he/she may then contact the Grievance Redressal Officers mentioned below: ![]() The credit card gives you the following back in points that can only be used for Ford purchases: 5 Back in Points on Ford dealership purchases 3 Back in Points on gas, auto insurance, tolls, parking and dining 1 Back in Points on all other purchases. Select from the topic list below as to the nature of your request so we can best serve you. Call our Toll-Free Customer Service Helpline on 180 To earn the biggest federal EV tax credit, check the full list of 20 electric cars and trucks that qualify and learn how to get it. Ford has issued a new credit card today called the FordPass Rewards Visa. Call Us Agents are available to assist you 24/7. Hey all, I financed through Ford Credit but if I go to try to get into the Ford Credit page in the app/website it asks for an account number to hook up to.Store your credit or debit cards in Wallet and pay right from your FordPass app. VOC Street, Gandhi Nagar, OMR - Kottivakkam,įor queries/complaints related to your Car Finance by Ford Credit India, please feel free to reach out to us.Įligible borrower/customer with Ford Car can send their queries/complaint/grievances to: FordPay is the fast and easy way to pay for vehicle service. ![]() Once logged in, you'll be able to access and edit your account information, pay your bill, view statements, and more. Ford Credit India (CIN: U65900TN2014FTC095830) operates from the following registered office address: Log into your Ford Credit account with Account Manager. Its stamina will fully recover once it gets back to its master. As it returns, it will perform spinning attacks that scatter healing extracts. This can be activated by pressing ZL + A. Follow up by pressing X for a Jumping Slash, A for a Jumping Midair Slash, or B for a Midair Evade. This can be activated by pressing ZL + X. There are two Silkbind Attacks that can be used with the Insect Glaive. This dust explodes when hit." Silkbind Attacks Some Kinsects will automatically attack once a target is marked, while tehre are others that spread Kinsect dust when they attack. "Marking a monster will tell Kinsects to target that part with their attacks (note that this effect disappears when you sheathe your weapon). You can absorb a blend of colors and mix them together to gain incredible attack power and other useful effects." Red boost attack, white increases speed, and orange gives knockback protection. Which color Extract you get depends on the monster's body part.Įxtra effects depend on the color. Extracts come in three types: red, white, and orange. "Your Kinsect allows you to gather Extracts. Maybe saying it's "largely irrelevant" is too harsh of a description I agree, what I meant is that it's not something that was very important at the end of the day and it's not a big deal its not in Rise.Below is a table of the controls required to perform basic attacks with the Insect Glaive. Does it change a lot about the gameplay of it? No, you'd play the weapon the same even without it. But does it define how you play the weapon? No, all your other moves are still way more important. In other cases it's at most some nice extra bonus damage here and there, which is nice and if you want to be optimal you'd definitely do it. And in some fights where you can reliably get multiple hits it does indeed allow you to do some nice damage. ![]() Kinsect boosting only plays a big role in those niche circumstances that you're mentioning. Rise and Sunbreak's Kinsect abilities are cool in concept but Assist Kinsects outperform other types by a bit too much sadly. Kinsect Boosting also allows IG to run Fatalis IG on Alatreon and get the elemental break with an ice or fire Kinsect alone, as dragon is bad on Alatreon. In the most extreme example, the Kinsect pierce can hit for 190 damage per hit on HR Kulve's Horns, or for around 160 damage ten times on her molten coat. Originally posted by Remi:Kinsect Boosting increases the Kinsect's element by like 250-350%, which allows Kinsect pierces to do 5x100 damage easily. Here's an example, this person seems to be using both aerial and ground attacks, which might the the optimal way to play, again not a main so cannot advise here: No longer do you have to play the weapon on the ground, although that style still works from what I've seen. ![]() ![]() ![]() I do not main the weapon anymore so I cannot say which style is definitely the most effective one, but you can definitely play IG now and focus entirely on aerial attacks and be very effective. A friend of mine said i should try the IG but just from testing in. Prior to sunbreak i played GS but at the moment i feel every monster is sonics big brother - its really hard for me to hit them. Here IG has finally become a weapon it was meant to be. Hay guys - at the moment im only MR 4 but im struggeling with my weapon choice. In every game it was better to play Insect Glaive with your feel planted to the ground than to do aerial attacks, which were weaker, couldn't focus target good hit zones and caused you to lose sharpness faster.Īt least until Rise, or Sunbreak specifically. Kisect boosting from world was largely irrelevant too, so not having it here does not matter. It was at best a good utility tool for movement and evading some attacks, and a way to farm mounts. Flying was never Insect Glaive's main strength so the fact that every weapon can now easy to do aerial attacks does not matter at all. ![]() History Pre-modern: Development of outdoor and tabletop ball games The biggest pinball machine manufacturers historically include Bally Manufacturing, Gottlieb, Williams Electronics and Stern Pinball.Ĭurrently active pinball machine manufacturers include Stern Pinball, Jersey Jack Pinball, American Pinball, Chicago Gaming Company, Pinball Brothers, Haggis Pinball, Dutch Pinball, Spooky Pinball and Multimorphic, Inc., as well as several smaller boutique manufacturers. ![]() Most pinball machines use one ball per turn (except during special multi-ball phases), and the game ends when the ball(s) from the last turn are lost. The game's object is generally to score as many points as possible by hitting these targets and making various shots with flippers before the ball is lost. Today, pinball is most commonly an arcade game in which the ball is fired into a specially designed cabinet known as a pinball machine, hitting various lights, bumpers, ramps, and other targets depending on its design. Historically the board was studded with nails called 'pins' and had hollows or pockets which scored points if the ball came to rest in them. ![]() Pinball games are a family of games in which a ball is propelled into a specially designed table where it bounces off various obstacles, scoring points either en route or when it comes to rest. Terminator 2: Judgment Day, 1991 pinball machine designed by Steve Ritchie Multi-ball game on a White Water pinball machine ( May 2023) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Use the lead layout guide to ensure the section follows Wikipedia's norms and is inclusive of all essential details. The lead section of this article may need to be rewritten. On our quest for optimal safety, we feel our #1 goal when designing wings is precise control and handling. Secure online shopping at įor flight apparel, trike and wing accessories, hang glider accessories, and parts for trike homebuilders.Īt North Wing, our main design criteria is to offer you a choice of trikes and wings that deliver easy handling, making them fun to fly. This is an extremely important Service Advisory, and only takes a few minutes to review!įreedom X hang glider with 7075 Aluminum airframe, carbon-fiber struts - great performance at affordable price!įreedom X Demo Flight Video Watch a very fun video of launching, soaring, and landing the Freedom X. ![]() until wing-owner checks their basetube-strut fitting, per the notes in Service Advisory 109 SOLAIRUS, MAVERICK, and PACER trike wings are GROUNDED (2.0 lbs of that is casing, connectors, etc.)ĪTTENTION: SOLAIRUS, MAVERICK, and PACER WING OWNERS Zero emissions!Ĭlimb to cloudbase with this electric ultralight trike, and enjoy an even better glide ratio with the optional Folding Propeller.Ĭurrent ATF owners can convert their ATF Trike to use the new electric engine and components with our ATF Retrofit Kit.ĪTF Ultralight Trike - Electric Propulsion ComponentsĢ4S 11 P - Molicel 21700 P42A cells - 4Ah cells In addition to the currently available 2-stroke engines, now there is a nearly-silent electric propulsion system that includes a powerful 21kW, 28HP electric engine. The North Wing ATF Soaring Trike has been a proven performer for years, featuring a lightweight and rugged airframe combined with quality parts and the very efficient Solairus Wing. Click here to view specifications and photos of this exciting new light trike wing. North Wing has completed flight tests and wing refinement for the new, more-affordable wing option for the ATF Soaring Trike, the Discovery 207 Affordably? Yes, North Wing Does It!Ĭlick here for related Facebook Thanksgiving post with great pics of North Wing pilots in CommentsĪll-American and Affordable - North Wing Has an Expert History in Washington Stateĭiscovery 207 - New Wing for the ATF Soaring Trike! Veteran aviation journalist Dan Johnson has reviewed North Wing Trikes, Wings, and Hang Gliders for 25 years! Click the links below to read a fun profile of new North Wing aircraft.Ĭan a Minimal Aircraft Deliver Maximum Enjoyment. Sign-up for our Newsletter for new product news, light aviation aircraft advice, and fun pictures! We can provide Lightstream and round down tubes and base tubes.Īlso, if you need new cables for your Wills Wing glider, we can make them for you. Hang Glider Pilots - if you need replacement Wills Wing - style downtubes, please check with us, we likely have some replacements for you. ![]() Maverick 2 Legend Trike with Maverick KS Wing Ready for immediate delivery to you! In-stock Light Sport Aircraft, Ultralights & Wings, Hang Gliders We may be having a Clearance Sale page online, featuring cool stuff we find as we pack up. Stay tuned for items we are surprised to find in the shop after 13 years in one place! All wings we have on order as of right now will be shipped during September. Email-messages are also a great way to reach us, and again there can be delays getting back to you. Please leave a message when you call, as it may be 24 hours before we get to messages. We will try our best to ship spare parts for Wings and Trikes during this time. Also, the sail loft will be open - and if any repairs are needed, we can do that. We have a Maverick Legend Trike, some Trike Wings, and Hang Gliders in-stock and available for delivery now, and we will be able to ship stock gliders during our move. We will not be making any Wings or Trikes during that time. North Wing is Moving and we will be closed for any new production orders in September, and some of October. Thank You for your business over the last years, we appreciate our family of pilots! ![]() Standard Equipment on all new Maverick 2 trikes. Leaf Spring Suspension for the Maverick Trike Retrofit your Maverick for softer landings, less drag, and sleek aircraft styling - $1285. Light Sport Aircraft KITS for Home Builders brochure page 1 ![]() Villanova? And which side covers over 60 percent of the time? Visit SportsLine now to find out, all from the model that has crushed its college basketball picks. The model is leaning over on the total, and it's also generated a point-spread pick that is hitting in over 60 percent of simulations. The Huskies have covered the spread in 10 of their last 14 road games. Cole and sophomore forward Adama Sanogo have been the team's leading scorers this season, averaging a combined 31.0 points per game. Isaiah Whaley led Connecticut with a career-high 20 points in the loss. They missed 25 of their first 33 shots against Creighton, yet they managed to lose by just four points. The Huskies were on a five-game winning streak going into Tuesday night's tilt. What you need to know about ConnecticutĬonnecticut will be looking to bounce back after suffering its fifth loss of the season in a 59-55 final against Creighton on Tuesday. ![]() The Wildcats have won 17 of their last 18 home games. Senior guard Collin Gillespie leads Villanova with 17.1 points, 3.4 rebounds and 3.0 assists per game, while junior guard Justin Moore is adding 15.1 points and 5.0 rebounds. ![]() They have already bounced back from losses to UCLA, Baylor and Purdue this season. The Wildcats have still won nine of their last 11 games though, putting them in solo second place in the Big East standings. It shot just 10 of 34 from the 3-point arc, which made the early 20-8 deficit too much to recover from. Villanova had its three-game winning streak snapped in an 83-73 loss at No. Here are several college basketball odds for Connecticut vs. You can head to SportsLine to see its picks. Now, the model has set its sights on Villanova vs. Anyone who has followed it has seen huge returns. Over the past five-plus years, the proprietary computer model has generated an impressive profit of over $2,400 for $100 players on its top-rated college basketball picks against the spread. The SportsLine Projection Model simulates every Division I college basketball game 10,000 times. Villanova picks, you'll want to see the college basketball predictions from the model at SportsLine. UConn odds from Caesars Sportsbook, while the over-under is set at 129.5. The Wildcats are favored by five points in the latest Villanova vs. This is the first of two meetings between these teams over the next 11 days. The Wildcats are 16-6 overall and 8-1 at home, while UConn is 15-5 overall and 3-2 on the road. 17 Connecticut Huskies are set to square off in a Big East matchup at noon ET on Saturday at the Wells Fargo Center. Villanova has averaged 70 points per game in their last five matchups, with Butler scoring 64.4 points per night in that same time frame.The No. Neither team has shown particular offensive prowess this season, and with Butler’s defensive presence added to that, we can expect to see a low-scoring game tonight. The Bulldogs are led by Jayden Taylor and Chuck Harris, each averaging over 12 points per game. Butler’s defense has been the highlight on the court this season. The Bulldogs (10-8, 2-5 Big East) haven’t fared much better in conference play. Odds from The Butler Bulldogs and Villanova Wildcats meet Tuesday in college basketball action at the Finneran Pavilion. The Wildcats are led by Caleb Daniels and Eric Dixon, each adding over 16 points per game. Butler picks and predictions, you'll want to see what the SportsLine Projection Model is saying. Villanova odds from Caesars Sportsbook and the over-under is 128. Their offense has seen a huge decrease in productivity from last season, and they rank outside the top 150 in scoring, three-point shooting, and rebounding, and their defense hasn’t looked markedly better. The Wildcats are favored by 8.5 points in the latest Butler vs. Villanova (8-9, 2-4 Big East) fell to DePaul in their most recent game. Let’s take a look at the odds and lines on DraftKings Sportsbook and make some picks. The Villanova Wildcats take on the Butler Bulldogs in a Big East matchup on Friday, January, 13, with tip-off set for 7:00 p.m. ![]() ![]() IF YOU INTEND ON REGISTERING THIS VEHICLE IN CALIFORNIA, THEN WE HIGHLY RECOMMEND THAT YOU LOCATE THE LICENSE PLATE NUMBER ALONG WITH THE VIN IN THE LISTING, SO YOU CAN CALL THE DMV AND GET THE EXACT AMOUNT YOU WILL BE REQUIRED TO PAY IF YOU WIN THE VEHICLE.CONCERNING PAYMENT FOR VEHICLE:Payment TermsAfter the auction is complete, a non refundable $200 deposit is required within 24 hrs. You will also be required to pay the registration transfer fees and any back due registration fees what ever they may be. Recently, winners have been giving too many excuses with delayed payment or no-show buyers.CONCERNING SALES TAX:Buyers are required to pay the sales tax on the winning bid amount to their respective county and state they reside in. Call or Email Us.This vehicle is located at our processing facility in the city of Orange, CA (551-A North Batavia, Orange, CA 92868).HOURS OF OPERATION:MONDAY THRU FRIDAY 8AM-5PMSATURDAY 10AM-2PMPLEASE NOTE: VEHICLES AND PAPERWORK WILL NOT BE RELEASED WITHOUT PROPER IDENTIFICATIONThere is NO BUY IT NOW PRICEWe reserve the right to end the auction early at anytime for any reasonWe DO NOT ACCEPT TRADES, nor will we trade the vehicle you purchased for another vehicle we have listed on ebay!We DO NOT SELL PARTS from the vehicle! The vehicle is sold as is and will not be parted out!We welcome and HIGHLY advise personal inspections prior to bidding.All sales are final and there will be no refunds once the vehicle leaves our facility.Please do not bid and win an item with the intent of inspecting after auction end. If you see any parts missing in the photos or videos, for example a stereo or speakers or a hub-cap, don�t assume they are included in the sale. If you have questions or concerns, please contact us before bidding. We will make every effort to provide any and all details that are apparent to us or previously provided to us, however THERE MAY BE OTHER PROBLEMS THAT WE HAVE NOT DETECTED, therefore please bid accordingly. If we have had the opportunity to road test the vehicle, please understand that it has been done so, in a limited capacity and not at highway speeds. Please see photos for more detailed description of vehicle and its overall condition.THERE ARE MULTIPLE HIGH RESOLUTION PICTURES AT THE END OF THE LISTING DESCRIPTION PLEASE ALLOW TIME FOR ALL THE PHOTOS TO LOAD PROPERLYITEM DESCRIPTION:THIS VEHICLE RUNS AND DRIVES (HAS BEEN LOCALLY ROAD TESTED)EQUIPPED WITH 1.6L 4 CYLINDER ENGINE AND A MANUAL TRANSMISSIONEQUIPPED WITH 4X4, MANUAL WINDOWS, AND MANUAL DOOR LOCKSA/C DOES NOT BLOW COLDSLIGHT LIFTER NOISE ~ MAY NEED REGULAR SERVICEBOTH DOORS ARE MISSINGGRAY CLOTH INTERIOR WITH SOME WEAR ~ PLEASE OBSERVE PHOTOSMINOR WEAR AND TEAR ON THE EXTERIOR ~ PLEASE OBSERVE PHOTOS ~ PAINT FADE IS VISIBLETIRES APPEAR TO BE IN GOOD CONDITION ~ TIRES APPEAR TO HAVE ROUGHLY 20% TREAD LEFTVEHICLE COMES WITH A CLEAR CALIFORNIA TITLEREGISTRATION: AUG 2020 LIC: 9005Z DPVIN: 2S3TA01C1P6404477All vehicles have not been formally inspected and buyers/bidders should understand that our opinions provided are purely observational and are not a guarantee of condition. The exterior is purple in color and has gray cloth interior. It appears to have all the standard equipment. SO IF IT'S YOUR INTENT TO BID, PLEASE MESSAGE US IMMEDIATELY SO WE MAY ATTEMPT TO CONTACT YOU AND VERIFY YOU ARE IN CONTROL OF YOUR ACCOUNT.If you are using your smartphone or tablet please scroll down and tap on "READ MORE" to see the entire listing and all photos.All auctions are subject to a buyers fee as follows:Sales Price Under $999 = $80Sales Price from $1000 to $1999 = $120Sales Price from $2000 to $2999 = $185Sales Price from $3000 to $3999 = $250Sales Price from $4000 to $4999 = $325Sales Price from $5000 or higher = 8%Up for auction is a 1993 Suzuki Sidekick Sport that was just recently donated to a national charity and is now being sold at NO RESERVE.THIS VEHICLE IS LOCATED IN ORANGE, CALIFORNIA.This Sidekick is equipped with a 1.6L 4 cylinder engine and a manual transmission. PLEASE READ ENTIRE LISTING BEFORE PLACING A BIDPRIOR TO BIDDING ON THIS ITEM YOU WILL BE REQUIRED TO MESSAGE US THROUGH EBAY WITH YOUR CONTACT NAME AND NUMBER OR YOUR BID WILL BE CANCELLED AND YOU WILL BE BLOCKED FROM BIDDING ON ANY OF OUR ITEMS. OSI Office of Special Projects (PJ) agents played a crucial role in the case. to face the charges. OSI led the DoD investigation after the extradition. Although this could have been a complicated process, Su Bin waived his rights to the extradition process and agreed to return to the U.S. DOJ had enough evidence to convince the Canadian government to arrest the suspect and consider an extradition request. Department of Justice and the Federal Bureau of Investigation up until Su Bin’s extradition and served as the sole point of contact providing evidence of theft and the valuation of the stolen material. Such reports specifically identified what they obtained, how they obtained it and its value to their financial benefactors.Īn Office of Special Investigations Special Agent consulted with the U.S. Bin and his co-conspirators also drafted and distributed reports directly to a department in the PLA’s General Staff Headquarters. ![]() Su Bin instructed the hackers on which individuals, companies, and technologies to target, and helped translate the data they obtained from English to Chinese. The group also targeted data related to the F-22 and F-35 fighter aircraft. He even drew the attention of the business community through an article in the Wall Street Journal on his business model, products and contacts within the industry.īetween 20, Bin helped two People’s Liberation Army hackers steal more than 630,000 files from Boeing related to the C-17 cargo aircraft. He managed to make close business contacts within the global defense industry community, and used those contacts to gain insight into protected technology and eventually unfettered entry into company files. As far as the company’s place in Air Force contracts, Lode-Tech was a small player, with only a handful of employees that specialized in aircraft cable harnesses.īin’s influence, however, became farther reaching than perhaps sales suggested. ![]() ![]() Bin resided in Canada and was a businessman and entrepreneur who specialized in aviation and aerospace products as the owner of a company named Lode-Tech. Stephen Su) for his involvement in a cyber-espionage scheme perpetrated by People’s Liberation Army hackers. In August 2014, a Los Angeles grand jury indicted a Chinese national named Su Bin (a.k.a. ![]() Some spores are present in the centre of the cell.Calcium dipicolinate is present in high concentration that stabilizes the DNA molecule present in spore.ĭipicolinaic acid helps the spore to resist the heat fluctuations in the environment and calcium helps the spore from oxidizing agents. They also contain ribosomes and enzymes that are metabolically inactive. SASPs help in the protection of the DNA from UV radiation and heat. The core contains the bacterial DNA that is enclosed into Small acid-soluble spore protein (SASPs). Peptidoglycan is needed for the synthesis of the cell wall. Cortex:Ĭortex lies beneath the coat and it mainly composed of peptidoglycan. It is composed of keratin that has the enzymes that allow the germination of spore. It excludes large molecules such as lysozyme and toxins from the spore. It is a thin covering around the spore that acts as a sieve. Resistance to temperature and pH change.depletion of nutrient, high in temperature and pH and dehydration, bacteria forms spores. The bacteria that germinate from spore can grow and start a new progeny.Ĭlostridium botulinum, Bacillus anthracis Why bacteria produce spores?īacteria grow moderately in favourable condition. When favourable conditions arrive, these spores germinate into a new bacterium that has all the properties of the parent bacteria. Spores have the least metabolic activity. Spores are the dormant form of bacteria that can tolerate all the fluctuations in the environment. Spores are not often found at the site of infection because nutrients are not limiting.Įxamples of Spore forming Bacteria- Spores formed by only two genera of Gram-positive rods are of medical importance.Spore-forming bacteria are those bacteria that can form spores under unfavourable conditions. Spores formed only when nutrients are insufficient. Spores do not exhibit measurable metabolic activity.Īntibiotics are ineffective against spores. Wound contaminated with soils can be infected with spores and cause diseases such as tetanus, gas gangrene. Spores can survive for many years in soil and other inanimate objects. Only solution designated as sporicidal will kill spores. Spores are highly resistant to many chemicals, including most disinfectants. Medical supplies must be heated to 121☌ for at least 15 minutes to be sterilized. Spores are highly resistant to heating spores are not killed by boiling (100☌) but are killed at 121☌. Medical Importance of Bacterial Spores Important features of Spores It should be noted that, unlike the binary fission process observed with vegetative cells, the formation of endospores is not a reproductive process but rather a differentiation process that provides bacteria with a survival mechanism. When free endospores are placed in an environment that encourages growth, the endospores will revert to being a vegetative cell in a process called germination. The mature endospores are released from the vegetative cell to become free endospores. Spherical and terminal, giving a drumstick appearance ( Clostridium tetani).Oval and terminal, resembling a tennis racket (eg.Sub-terminal, the bacillus appearing Club shaped (eg.Central or equatorial, giving the bacillus a spindle shape (eg.Endospores can be located in the middle of the bacteria (central), at the end of the bacteria (terminal), and near the end of the bacteria (subterminal) and can be spherical or elliptical. ![]() The shape and position of the spores vary in different species and can be useful for classification and identification purposes.
![]() In clean air rural environments, the patina is created by the slow chemical reaction of copper with carbon dioxide and water, producing a basic copper carbonate. The green patina that forms naturally on copper and bronze, sometimes called verdigris, usually consists of varying mixtures of copper chlorides, sulfides, sulfates and carbonates, depending upon environmental conditions such as sulfur-containing acid rain. See also: Copper in architecture § Natural patinas The Statue of Liberty gets its famous green color from the natural patina formed on its copper surface. The chemical process by which a patina forms or is deliberately induced is called patination, and a work of art coated by a patina is said to be patinated.Ĭopper weather vane with verdigris patina Acquired patina Figuratively, patina can refer to any fading, darkening, or other signs of age, which are felt to be natural or unavoidable (or both). The word patina comes from the Italian patina (shallow layer of deposit on a surface), derived from the Latin patĭna (pan, shallow dish). It also refers to development as the result of weathering of a case-hardened layer, called cortex by geologists, within the surface of either a flint or chert nodule. In geology and geomorphology, the term patina is used to refer to discolored film or thin outer layer produced either on or within the surface of a rock or other material by either the development of a weathering rind within the surface of a rock, the formation of desert varnish on the surface of a rock, or combination of both. This has led stone tool analysts in recent times to generally prefer the term cortification as a better term to describe the process than patination. Īrchaeologists also use the term patina to refer to a corticated layer that develops over time that is due to a range of complex factors on flint tools and ancient stone monuments. Patina also refers to accumulated changes in surface texture and color that result from normal use of an object such as a coin or a piece of furniture over time. In common parlance, weathering rust on steel is often mistakenly referred to as patina. On metal, patina is a coating of various chemical compounds such as oxides, carbonates, sulfides, or sulfates formed on the surface during exposure to atmospheric elements ( oxygen, rain, acid rain, carbon dioxide, sulfur-bearing compounds). They may also be aesthetically appealing. ![]() Patinas can provide a protective covering to materials that would otherwise be damaged by corrosion or weathering. The patinas on leather goods are unique to the type of leather, frequency of use, and exposure. Patina ( / p ə ˈ t iː n ə/ or / ˈ p æ t ɪ n ə/) is a thin layer that variously forms on the surface of copper, brass, bronze and similar metals and metal alloys ( tarnish produced by oxidation or other chemical processes) or certain stones and wooden furniture (sheen produced by age, wear, and polishing), or any similar acquired change of a surface through age and exposure.Īdditionally, the term is used to describe the aging of high-quality leather. The external layer has been weathered by moisture and rain, leading to the oxidation of copper. Pre-colonial copper coin formerly used in the Copper Belt ( Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia). The church was destroyed during the bombing of Dresden in 1945 and then rebuilt from 1993 to 2005 with new material the stones with the black patina are the parts that survived the firebombing from the original 18th-century church. Copper roof on the Minneapolis City Hall, coated with patina The Dresden Frauenkirche. For the United States Navy ship, see USS Pattina (SP-675). You might have to try it a couple times before the desired result is seen.For the village in Estonia, see Pattina. The good thing is if it doesn't look right, you can always clean and repeat. The fumes from the ammonia will react with the brass (this works on copper items too) and in as little as 12 hours the brass will appear cloudy and green verdegris will show. When you chamber is built and the object is suspended, put perhaps 1/2 to 1 cup of ammonia in a cup or glass and leave at the bottom of the chamber. The biggest thing I did was a replica guard from an M1860 saber and used a small kitty litter box and made a custom tent-like frame that went around it and the finished product looked like a miniature greenhouse. If you can make an airtight chamber where the item in question can be suspended that is the key. I did some extensive research and experimentation on artificial aging on different types of metal.īolo might sound silly about the urination but he is onto something. I know this from experience and will vouch for it 100%. It has to be a controlled enviroment but the proper way is ammonia. |
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